Kalibangan is a town on the banks of river Ghaggar, Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India. It is located at a distance of 205 km. from Bikaner. In 1958, archaeologists, led by Dr. A. Ghosh discovered that the village was an Indus Valley Civilisation site. According to archaeological evidence, Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto-Harappan age (3500 BC - 2500 BC) to the Harappan age (2500 BC - 1750 BC). Kalibangan is known to be the earliest town in the history of India which was destroyed by earthquake.

Fire altars have been discovered, suggesting fire worship, or worship of Agni, the Hindu god of fire. It is the only Indus Valley Civilisation site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of the "mother goddess". People followed a peculiar burial practice called Cist burial. The grave consisted of a brick chamber in which the dead body was placed. Present adjacent to

The Indus Valley culture that flourished here is also called Sothi culture because of its striking similarities with a site at Sothi in Afghanistan.

Kalibhangan is also known for its bangle industry. Its name translates to "black banks" ("Kala", in Hindi, means black).